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81.
建立我国战略环境评价理论与方法体系 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
战略环境评价是环境影响评价在战略层次上的应用,是具体落实可持续发展战略的重要工具。在分析其现实意义的基础上,提出我国战略环境评价理论与方法体系的主要研究内容,就建立我国战略环境评价理论与方法提出建议。 相似文献
82.
83.
We examine the choice of policy instruments (price, quantity or a mix of the two) when two pollutants are regulated and firms' abatement costs are private information. Whether abatement efforts are complements or substitutes is key determining the choice of policies. When pollutants are complements, a mixed policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on another is sometimes preferable even if the pollutants are identical in terms of benefits and costs of abatement. Yet, if they are substitutes, the mixed policy is dominated by taxes or quotas. 相似文献
84.
Sandra Uthes Katharina Fricke Peter Zander Stefan Sieber Annette Piorr 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(18):2136-2152
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a system of market support instruments, direct income transfers, and rural development measures, has been put through an ongoing reform process in recent decades. This paper introduces three policy impact assessment tools (SIAT, SEAMLESS-IF, MEA-Scope tool) and analyses how these tools have responded to a number of challenges for integrated assessment modelling as reported in the international literature. Significant progress has been made with regard to modelling linkages whereas other challenges, particularly those related to issues of scale and uncertainty management, require further efforts. It is also analysed which CAP instruments are represented and what kinds of effects can be analysed at different scales. Market instruments and direct payments are comparatively well represented, while the ability to model rural development measures is mostly beyond the scope of these tools. Because each tool has found a different solution for coping with the common challenges of integrated assessment modelling, the choice of one of the tools for a particular application depends strongly on the policy questions being asked. The SIAT provides the big picture via its ability to represent broad changes in policy instruments with EU-wide cross-sector impacts. The most comprehensive analysis of agricultural policy instruments can be obtained with SEAMLESS-IF. The MEA-Scope tool complements the other two approaches with detailed regional profiles. 相似文献
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86.
Ivon Cuadros-Casanova Andrea Cristiano Dino Biancolini Marta Cimatti Andrea Antonio Sessa Valeria Yeraldin Mendez Angarita Chiara Dragonetti Michela Pacifici Carlo Rondinini Moreno Di Marco 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14052
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the European Union's main instrument for agricultural planning, with a new reform approved for 2023–2027. The CAP intends to align with the European Green Deal (EGD), a set of policy initiatives underpinning sustainable development and climate neutrality in the European Union (EU), but several flaws cast doubts about the compatibility of the objectives of these 2 policies. We reviewed recent literature on the potential of CAP environmental objectives for integration with the EGD: protection of biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable management of natural resources. The CAP lacks appropriate planning measures, furthering instead risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services driven by landscape and biotic homogenization. Funding allocation mechanisms are not tailored to mitigate agricultural emissions, decreasing the efficiency of climate mitigation actions. The legislation subsidies farmers making extensive use of synthetic inputs without adequately supporting organic production, hindering the transition toward sustainable practices. We recommend proper control mechanisms be introduced in CAP Strategic Plans from each member state to ensure the EU is set on a sustainable production and consumption path. These include proportional assignment of funds to each CAP objective, quantitative targets to set goals and evidence-based interventions, and relevant indicators to facilitate effective monitoring of environmental performance. Both the CAP and the EGD should maintain ambitious environmental commitments in the face of crisis to avoid further degradation of the natural resources on which production systems stand. 相似文献
87.
88.
Jiquan Zhou Yi Liu Jining Chen Fanxian Yu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2008,2(4):494-504
Uncertainties hamper the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA). In order to quantitatively characterize
the uncertainties of environmental impacts, this paper develops an integrated methodology through uncertainty analysis on
land use change, which combines the scenario analysis approach, stochastic simulation technique, and statistics. Dalian city
in China was taken as a case study in the present work. The results predict that the Fuzhou River poses the highest environmental
pollution risk with a probability of 89.63% for COD in 2020. Furthermore, the Biliu River, Fuzhou River, Zhuang River, and
Dasha River have 100% probabilities for NH3-N. NH3-N is a more critical pollutant than COD for all rivers. For COD, industry is the critical pollution source for all rivers
except the Zhuang River. For NH3-N, agriculture is the critical pollution source for the Biliu River, Yingna River, and Dasha River, sewage for the Fuzhou
River and Zhuang River, and industry for the Dengsha River. This methodology can provide useful information, such as environmental
risk, environmental pressure, and extremely environmental impact, especially under considerations of uncertainties. It can
also help to ascertain the significance of each pollution source and its priority for control in urban planning. 相似文献
89.
In this paper we analyze the concept of interactions between policy instruments addressing environmental, energy and climate
change issues. Although discussion on such policies has been taking place for almost two decades, their interactions are not
so sufficiently explored. Initially, we refer to literature on various types of interactions and we classify them. Furthermore,
we construct a qualitative method that can assist policymakers in selecting an optimal policy mix. This method breaks down
into numerous components, the areas where different policies interact, and facilitates the unveiling of potential overlaps
and complementarities. These areas consist of categories as measure identification, objectives, scope, market arrangements,
market flexibility, financing, technological parameters, timing, compliance parameters and institutional setup. In addition,
it renders the possibility of combining different options and design elements of policies. Furthermore, a list of various
criteria serves as an assessment tool for interactions, where a weighing factor and uncertainty parameters have been added,
in order to produce an aggregate indicator of the ex-ante analysis of the policy mix selected. Through this method, we present
a complete framework of discernment of diverse forms of environmental policy instruments. 相似文献
90.
西部大开发政策效应评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
经过15年的西部大开发,西部各个省份的综合发展水平怎样?西部大开发是否显著缩小西部与东部地区在综合发展水平和经济增长的差异?哪些政策起到了关键作用?是本文将要探讨的问题。研究方法主要是通过模型与数据的实证研究方法对西部大开发的政策效应进行评价。内容包括:一是通过构建包含了社会、经济、科教与文化、对外开放和资源与环境五大类25个分项指标的综合发展水平评价体系,使用从1997到2013年31个省市的指标数据,并计算出综合评价值来考察西部大开发政策对西部地区各个省份整体发展的影响。从评价值排名上来看发现只有重庆、陕西、四川和内蒙古综合发展水平排名提升明显,而新疆、宁夏和青海发展差距还在拉大,其他省份排名变化不大。从分类指标来看,西部地区整体上社会发展和资源环境与生态提升较为明显,说明中央对于公共服务的转移支付和"退耕还林还草"等保护环境与生态的政策起到了一定的成效。二是选取了交通基础设施建设、中央转移支付和税收优惠这三个主要政策作为计量模型的政策变量,分别考察西部大开发整体和分项政策对于综合发展水平和经济增长率的影响。通过系统GMM方法估计整体西部大开发整体政策效应,以2000年前后对比,政策实施对GDP增长率的提升并不显著,综合发展水平也没有收敛。而以2008年为时间节点,综合发展水平和经济增长速度都得到了显著提升。通过DID估计分项政策,结果表明基础设施投入和转移支付能够有效提升综合发展水平和经济增长速度,税收优惠提升相对较弱。本文建议:在交通基础设施投入方面继续对西部地区予以倾斜,特别是建设西部地区通往东中部地区的交通大通道;培育和完善西部地区的市场经济体系,政府较少干预企业投资决策;加强对于西部落后地区、偏远地区的公共产品投入,加强扶贫工作。 相似文献